Experts Talk: How BRT Is Reshaping Urban Mobility & Safety with Gina Thomas
Experts Talk is an interview series with technical leaders from across our transportation program.
Exploring the Flexibility of Bus Rapid Transit Implementation
For more than four decades, bus rapid transit has been a public transportation solution to the growing mobility challenges caused by population increases and roadway congestion. There are many approaches to implementing a successful BRT project. The challenge is deciding how to tailor the option to fit each community’s needs, priorities and constraints.
Gina Thomas is our global BRT lead, working jointly with our industry-leading transit and highways practices to plan and implement BRT systems across North America. She leads the delivery of transit projects, from initial alternatives analysis, conceptual engineering and planning-level cost estimating to final design and construction. Thomas is focused on helping clients in large metro areas as well as smaller communities understand how BRT systems can improve mobility while advancing overall transportation goals. Since HDR’s first BRT project in 2008, our BRT portfolio has grown to more than 100 BRT projects in 80 communities.
In this interview, she discusses why BRT has become a popular public transportation option around the world, explains the funding opportunities available to support BRT planning and implementation in the U.S., addresses the opportunities and challenges associated with electric buses, and reflects on how community input can help shape projects.
Q. Based on the number of bus rapid transit projects in development today, BRT is one of the more popular options among public transit alternatives. Why?
A. Cities and transit agencies are working with limited budgets to grow ridership and quickly deliver tangible transportation benefits to their communities. Some don’t have the time, funds, ridership justification or community support to invest in a light rail project but still want to offer faster and more reliable transit service. BRT provides a less expensive, faster-to-implement and more flexible transportation solution, with rubber-tire technology that is more familiar to municipalities, transit agencies, and the public.
A BRT project can typically be delivered for a fraction of the cost of a light rail transit system and about half the cost of a streetcar project. A BRT system can be strategically designed to align with a budget, ranging from a few million dollars per mile to upward of $80 million, depending on preferences such as guideway separation, lane exclusivity, vehicle and station type, and transit signal priority. Additionally, our transit and roadway professionals have been successful at coordinating BRT development with other mobility projects in the corridor, such as bicycle, pedestrian and signal improvements.
Whether upgrading an existing bus line or building an entirely new route, BRT can also be more quickly delivered than LRT or streetcar — depending on length and complexity. The Mill Plain BRT Project (The Red Vine) in Vancouver, Washington, and METRO D Line in Minneapolis, 10 and 18 miles in length respectively, were each constructed in just a year and a half.
Furthermore, the flexibility of BRT is highlighted during service disruptions, such as construction from induced economic development or community events like parades or street fairs. The ability of BRT to reroute the line with a one-seat ride around these disruptions maintains reliability and public trust in this transportation option. These advantages together make it a popular transit option.
Q. How does a BRT corridor fit into and maximise the benefits of a broader mobility network?
A. BRT improvements are often part of a holistic effort to improve mobility within a corridor for transit users, pedestrians and bicyclists, and vehicle drivers. A BRT route, dependent on scope and existing infrastructure, may be seamlessly integrated into existing roadways. It can also be included in a project to enhance the capacity to move people during peak periods and reduce congestion points. BRT is usually operated in traditional traffic, with or without dedicated bus lanes, and this flexibility provides opportunities to tailor the design with sensitivity to the context of each segment or corridor while reducing property acquisition requirements. Bus right of way can be shared with vehicles and cyclists during specific permitted days or hours, for instance. Or bus-only lanes can be separated from traffic to reduce transit delays from traffic congestion. The integration of ITS elements into a BRT design, such as adjustable signal timing or transit signal priority systems, can improve bus reliability while maintaining mixed vehicle traffic patterns, ultimately mitigating or eliminating congestion points.
The design flexibility of BRT also can accommodate many elements that improve safety for all road users, including dedicated or protected crosswalks and bike lanes and improved lighting and sidewalks. The addition of BRT to a growing transportation system complements other transit services and opens the door for broader regional connectivity. A BRT route can serve as an affordable extension of other existing transit options like light rail, providing riders with wider access and improved operational efficiency throughout the full transportation system.
In Minneapolis, METRO’s D Line BRT provides riders with a connection to the Mall of America Transit center, which is also a connecting stop for the Blue Line LRT. This type of collaboration between multiple mobility options and connection to wider transit services provides users with increased connectivity and access to community amenities, improved reliability, and provides more opportunities for economic development.
Q. How can communities pay for BRT projects? What funding opportunities are available for consideration?
A. It’s worth considering historically roadway-focused funds like city or regional transportation sales tax or state funds to deliver these projects when coupled with roadway improvements. In Seattle, our final design of RapidRide J BRT Line includes enhanced sidewalks, bike lanes and improved signal timing at intersections, all with the intent to provide better connectivity for people to move throughout a corridor more efficiently. This was also the case when HDR supported WeGo and the city of Nashville, Tennessee, with the development of a “Choose How You Move” Transportation Improvement Plan that includes a new BRT system to enhance public transportation options and reliability. The TIP implementation will be funded by a voter-approved bond referendum which was positioned primarily as a community-wide transportation improvement program that included other infrastructure improvements like sidewalks, signals, service and safety.
Federal grants in the U.S. are also a major funding source to help cover the cost of transit related improvements, as well as complete early planning studies. The U.S. Federal Transit Administration’s discretionary Capital Investments Grants Program is the largest funding source for eligible BRT projects. As of January 1, 2025, nearly two-thirds of all CIG funding was dedicated to BRT projects, mainly under the Small Starts category. This funding avenue aligns with BRT’s relatively lower cost and ability to be delivered much quicker when compared with alternative transit options.
Additional federal funding sources are also available for BRT development, congestion management and corridor safety improvement elements, including grants through the Rebuilding American Infrastructure with Sustainability and Equity (RAISE) and Safe Streets and Roads for All (SS4A) federal programs, as well as formula programs such as Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ).
It’s important to understand that though federal funds can provide a huge boost, local funds are still necessary and must be committed to unlock federal dollars. It’s also vital to understand and account for operation and maintenance costs to cover future service expansion in your overall funding strategy, and that those operating funds have long-term viability.
Q. How can proactive stakeholder and community engagement support a successful planning and design process and build project understanding and acceptance?
A. Because BRT projects can include a spectrum of design treatments, it’s important for decision-makers, stakeholders and the public to have a clear understanding of how the new line will operate, what it will look like and the changes it will bring when implemented. Proactive conversations with clear graphics and videos about proposed operations can help shape project direction, increase community buy-in, and avoid project delays.
Early discussions about the potential operational impacts that a completed BRT line could have on overall road capacity, congestion mitigation, street parking, and loading and unloading zones can spark collaboration between the project team, community and business owners to relocate these areas without expensive redesigns or compromising the efficiency of the corridor. For instance, a business owner’s knowledge of traffic patterns around their business on a planned BRT route could help the project team prioritise the consolidation and placement of left turns to improve safety while maintaining customer or delivery access.
During those conversations, it’s also important to secure buy-in from key stakeholders and decision-makers, such as a city’s traffic engineering department. A recent white paper from The American Public Transportation Association noted that 94% of the agencies surveyed had implemented transit signal priority for their BRT corridor, but its actual use in improving BRT reliability was sometimes limited due to concerns by traffic engineers over cross street delays. To address these concerns, it’s important to engage early and develop an agreement between the agency and city, or cities, on traffic signal operations based on real data about person-throughput gains and losses, not just along the corridor but within the greater area. Effectively communicating the project benefits — such as increased capacity and improved safety — combined with transparency about tradeoffs, can increase key stakeholder and community support for a successful outcome.
Q. With the increasing integration of electric vehicles in transit systems, what challenges and opportunities should agencies and owners understand about electric buses in a BRT line?
A. Electric bus operations are often a consideration for new BRT systems, but their adoption can pose challenges. The U.S. bus manufacturing industry has been shrinking over the last few years, and combined with the FTA’s Buy America requirements, there is a supply and demand concern that can impact schedules and budgets. As a result, agencies should plan ahead to avoid delays that could be caused by the higher cost of electric buses or challenges with their delivery.
Further consideration should also be given to the risk of implementing an electric bus sub-fleet within an agency’s larger fleet. This can create operating and maintenance challenges that adversely affect other routes, particularly if a bus is out of service. Ensuring an adequate number of spare buses will help maintain service schedules. Prior to purchasing electric buses, agencies should also discuss any impacts this may have with their insurance provider.
Understanding the range of electric buses is key for BRT planners as they determine route development and charging method and placement. There are tools available to help with this process. HDR’s zero emissions mobility professionals have helped agencies make those planning decisions with our Zero+ Fleet Optimisation advanced forecasting tool. It incorporates operational fleet data, route lengths and profiles, GIS coordinates and even weather to assist with making data-driven decisions about which routes work best for electric buses.
Another option is to begin service with hybrid electric buses but incorporate a plan for an eventual transition to electric. This could include adapting current plans to include the additional space that will eventually be needed to accommodate electric buses, such as their larger vehicle size and required charging infrastructure and maintenance facility requirements.
Inspiration & Advice
Q. How did you get into the BRT field?
A. I began my career working on land development projects and quickly became interested in the multimodal transportation interactions that occur around dense urban development. It was at that time that I realised transit is the thread that builds these urban communities and keeps them connected, so I actively sought out a transit engineering position at HDR. I have had wonderful experiences on streetcar and light rail projects, while really embracing BRT as a form of transit that is within reach for more communities and can deliver more miles of transit service while providing additional benefits to all road users.
Q. Do you have any advice for people just starting out in BRT?
A. For those just getting involved in BRT, try to get a diversity of experience in fields related to BRT, because it’s not just about the bus itself. You will benefit from understanding the intricacies of many different disciplines, including roadway, drainage, traffic signals, pedestrian/bike treatments, urban design, funding, systems and outreach; all of which are necessary to deliver a successful BRT project.
Each Experts Talk interview illuminates a different aspect of transportation infrastructure planning, design and delivery. Check back regularly to discover new insights from the specialised experts and thought leaders behind our award-winning, full service consulting practice.
